Organic Chemistry And Unit Processes (2130501) Term Starts on 12-06-2017.

To all our new and old students.
       Welcome to the new semester!

      I look forward to working with you over the next 19 weeks in  OC&UP(2131301). Get ready for a journey of a lifetime learning memories. In this course you will learn about general organic chemistry and unit processes Stereochemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, Colour,  Dyes and Pigments and many more topics which will help you to gain a vast knowledge regarding basic chemistry behind the synthesis of chemical. in addition to this some topics like, Synthetic Drugs, Amino acid & Protein Chemistry and  Hetero-cyclic Compounds will also guide you to get required knowledge regarding the emerging and developing field of biochemical engineering.

Weekly participation in 3 lectures and one laboratory of 2 hours are essential throughout the course to be successful in the subject.

This course will have 7 Laboratory based experiments, 5 Assignments, One power point presentation, One active learning assignment in MS-Word file, one question bank preparation assignment, one 'Open Ended Project' work. And one 'Online Test'.

We hope that, once more it will a good and interesting course program for you. Even though we have tried to finalize our scheduling and class rooms allocations, Class room and time changes may occur. Therefore, we would like to ask you to frequently check our notice boards for notifications and updates. It is also advised to visit this blog frequently for getting new learning experiences, learning materials or some instructions.

Additional knowledge based resources for Reading :   

 BOOK-1            BOOK-2          Organic Chemistry BOOK-3

  

According to IUPAC system, the name of organic compound, in general consists of the following parts.

(I) Word root (II) Primary suffix    (III) Secondary suffix (IV)Prefix  (I) Word root

The word root represents the number of carbon atoms in the parent chain. For the chains upto four carbon atoms special word roots are used, but for the chains containing more than four carbon atoms, Greek numerals are used.

Word Roots or different lengths of Carbon Chains

Chain Length	Word root	Chain Length	Word root
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8	Meth− Eth− Prop− But− Pent Hex− Hept− Oct−	C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C18 C20 C30	Non− Dec− Undec− Dodec− Tridec− Octadec− Icos− Tricont−

 Primary Suffix

Primary suffix is used to represent saturation or unsaturation in the carbon chain. While writing the name, primary suffix is added to the word root.

Some Primary Suffixes

Nature of Carbon Chain	Primary Suffix
Saturated Carbon Chain Unsaturated Carbon Chains one C = C bond two C = C bonds three C = C bonds one C ≡C bond two C ≡C bonds one C = C and one C≡C	ane ene adiene atriene yne adiyne enyne

Secondary Suffix

Secondary suffix is used to indicate the functional group in the organic compound. The terminal 'e' of the primary suffix is dropped if it is followed by a suffix beginning with 'a', 'i', 'o', 'u' or 'y'.

Class of organic compound	General formula	Suffix	IUPAC name of the family (Word root + Primary suffix + Secondary suffix)
Alcohols	R—OH	−OH	Alkanol
Thioalcohols	R—SH	−SH	Alkanethiol
Amines	R—NH2	−NH2	Alkanamine
Aldehydes	R—CHO	−CHO	Alkanal
Ketones	R—COR	>CO	Alkanone

Carboxylic acids	R—COOH	−COOH	Alkanoic acid
Amides	R—CONH2	−CONH2	Alkanamide
Acid chlorides	R—COCl	−COCl	Alkanoyl chloride
Esters	R—COOR	−COOR	Alkyl alkanoate
Nitriles	R—C≡N	−C≡N	Alkanenitrile

Note:

• If the name of the secondary suffix begins with a consonant, then the terminal 'e' of the primary suffix is not dropped while adding secondary suffix to it.
• (The terminal 'e' of primary suffix is also retained if some numerical prefix like di, tri, etc. is used before the secondary suffix.

Prefix

Prefix is a part of the name which appears before the word root. Prefixes are used to represent the names of alkyl groups (branched chains) or some functional groups which are regarded as substituents.

Some hydrocarbon Groups along with their Prefixes

Alkane	Alkyl group	Abbreviation	Prefix
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C3H8	CH3− CH3CH2− CH3CH2CH2− CH3—CH− | CH3 CH2 = CH− CH ≡ C −	Me− Et− n−Pr− Iso−Pr− − −	Methyl Ethyl n−Propyl isoproyl or (1−Methyl ethyl) ethenyl or vinyl ethynyl

Some functional group which are always represented by prefixes

Functional group	Prefix	Family	IUPAC name
−NO2 −OR −Cl −Br −I −F −NO	Nitro alkoxy Chloro Bromo Iodo Fluoro Nitroso	R−NO2 R−OR R−Cl R−Br R−I R−F R−NO	Nitroalkane Alkoxyalkane Chloroalkane Bromoalkane Iodoalkane Fluoroalkane Nitrosoalkane

Arrangement of Prefixes, Word root and Suffixes: The prefixes, word root and suffixes are arranged as follows while writing the IUPAC name.

Prefix(es) + word root + primary suffix + secondary suffix

Various Rules For Writing Names

In order to have better understanding of various rules of nomenclature, let us discuss it in different parts as

•  Nomenclature of hydrocarbons.
•  Nomenclature of compounds containing one functional group.
• Nomenclature of compounds with more than one similar functional groups.
• Nomenclature of compounds with more than one dissimilar functional groups.

Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are named according to the following general rules.

Rule 1: Longest Chain Rule

Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms as the parent chain. If some carbon−carbon multiple bond is present, the parent chain must contain the carbon atoms involved in it. The number of carbon atoms in the parent chain determines the word root. The carbon atoms which are not included in the parent chain are considered as alkyl substituents and determine the prefixes.

If two equally long chains are possible, the chain with maximum number of side chains is selected as parent chain. For example,

In some cases, the longest chain is ruled out at the expense of conjugated system. For example,

Rule 2: Lowest Number or Lowest Sum Rule

The selected parent chain is numbered using Arabic numerals and the positions of the alkyl groups are indicated by the number of the carbon atom to which the alkyl group is attached. The numbering is done in such a way that the substituted carbon atoms have the lowest possible numbers. When series of locants containing the same number of terms are compared by term, that series is lowest which contains the lowest number on the occasion of first difference. Some examples are given below:

2,7,8−Trimethyldecane

2,7,8Trimethyldecane is the correct name of the above compound 3,4,9−Trimethydecane is wrong name through it has the lowest sum of numbers. The first name is correct because in the first case substituent gets lower locant value than the second one.

In case of unsaturated hydrocarbons, the carbon atoms involved in the multiple bond should get the lowest possible number, For example.

The name of the compound, in general is written in the following sequence:

(Position Of Substituents)−(Prefixes) (Word Root) (Primary Suffix)

The above sequence is illustrated in the following examples.

 

Rule 3: Use of Prefixes Di, Tri, etc.

If the compound contains more than one similar alkyl groups, their positions are indicated separately and an appropriate numerical prefix: di, tri, etc. is attached to the same of the substituent. The positions of the substituents are separated by commas. For example,

Rule 4. Alphabetical Arrangement of Prefixes

If there are different alkyl substituents present in the compound, their names are written in the alphabetical order. However, the numerical prefixes such as di, tri, etc are not considered for the alphabetical order. For example.

Naming different alkyl substituents at the equivalent positions. If two different alkyl groups are located at the equivalent positions, then numbering of the chain is done in such a way that the alkyl group which comes first in alphabetic order gets the lower position. For example, if ethyl and methyl groups are present in equivalent positions, then carbon bearing ethyl group should get the lower number as illustrated in the following example.

In the light of the above rules, let us write the IUPAC name of some alphatic hydrocarbons.

Rule 5: Naming the Complex Alkyl Substituents

If the alkyl substituent is further branched it is named as substituted alkyl group. For this purpose, the carbon atoms of the alkyl group are separately numbered in such a way, that the carbon atom directly attached to the parent chain is given number 1. the prefix/name of such a substituent is enclosed in brackets as illustrated in the following example.

Here substituted propyl group is present at carbon number 4 of the parent chain. The propyl group has two methyl substituents as carbon number 1 of the alkyl group. Thus, the name of the compound is 2,2,7−Trimethyl− 4 − (1−methylpropyl) nonane

Here substituted ethyl group is present at carbon number 4 of the parent chain, this ethyl group has two methyl substituents. Thus, the name of the compound is 3−Ethyl−4, 7−dimethyl−4−(1,1−dimethylethyl) decane.

The numerical prefixes bis−, tris−, tetraki−, pentakisetc. are used to indicate a multiplicity of substituted substituent. The name of the substituted substituent is enclosed in parentheses. For example,

Nomenclature Of Compounds Having One Functional Group

It has been pointed out in the beginning that the functional groups (other than C = C or C ≡ C) present in the molecule are indicated by secondary suffixes. However, some of the functional groups are always regarded as substituents and are indicated by the prefixes. The various, rule which are followed while writing the name of the compounds having one functional group are described below.

Rule 1: Longest chain rule

Select the longest continuous chain of the carbon atoms as parent chain. The selected chain must include the carbon atoms involved in the functional groups like −COOH, −CHO, −CN, etc. or those which carry the functional groups like −OH, −NH2,−Cl, −NO2 etc. The number of carbon atoms in parent chain decides the word root.

Rule 2 : Lowest number rule

The carbon atoms of the parent chain are numbered in such a way so that the carbon atom of the functional groups gets the lowest possible number. In case the functional group does not have the carbon atom, then the carbon atom of the parent chain attached to the functional group should get the lowest possible number.

Rule 3, Rule 4 and Rule 5 are used in the similar way as described in case of hydrocarbons earlier.

Some more examples of the compounds containing one functional group are being are below.

When there is a linear chain and two halide groups are present on the two corner, counting of carbon is done in increasing alphabetical order. For example,

Br − CH2CH2CH2CH2Cl

1−chloro−4−bromo butane is incorrect but correct name is 1−bromo−4−chloro butane

Naming The Compounds With More Than One Similar Functional Groups

If the organic molecule contains more than one similar functional groups, then in addition to various rules, the numerical prefixes di (for 2), tri(for 3) etc. are added before the secondary suffix which indicates the functional group. While adding such words, the vowel 'e' of the primary suffix is retained. For example,

Here, word root is but, primary suffix is −ane and secondary suffix is ‘ol’. The −OH groups are positioned at carbon number 1,2 and 3. Thus, the name is,

Butane−1,2,3−triol or 1,2,3−Butanetriol

Some more examples of the compounds containing more than one similar functional group are given below.

 

4CH2 = 3CH —2CH = 1CH2 Buta−1,3−diene or 1,3−Butadiene

Assignment:0 Prerequisite 

1.            Write 50 IUPAC names of organic molecules and draw their structures.

2.             Draw 50 structures of organic molecules and write their IUPAC names. 

Assignment:1 

1.       Differentiate fission and fusion reaction with two examples.

2.       Define the terms: Free Radical, Carbonium, Carbanion, Carbenes and Nitrenes. Nucleophilles and 

          Electrophilles with suitable example and figure.

3.       What are SN1 and SN2 reactions explain with examples one of each.

4.       Describe four main types of organic reactions.

5.       Explain the manufacturing process of Acetic acid

6.       Explain mechanism of   Esterification with an example.

7.       Discuss Strengths of Acids.

8.       Explain the nomenclature of carboxylic acids. 

9.      Give manufacturing process of following acids : Formic acid, Oxalic acid, Palmitic acid & Stearic acid with suitable illustrations. 

Assignment:2

1.            Define Optical, Geometrical and Conformational Isomerism with proper examples.

2.             What is call optical activity with respect to organic compounds?

3.            Explain Polarimeter with its instrumentation, working and importance.

4.            Define specific rotation with importance.

5.            Explain the concept of Diasteromers, Enantiomers and meso compound with the example of lactic acid and tartaric acid.

6.            Explain E and Z designation with two examples.

7.            How would you carried out Resolution of (i) racemic mixture of acids and (ii) racemic mixture of bases?

8.            Differentiate between unit process and unit operation Discuss the advantages of continuous process and batch process over each other.

9.            Finde out the absolute configuration of followings.

10.           Define nitration. Enlist various nitrating agents and discuss the function of sulphuric acid in the mixed acid used for nitration

11.           Describe the batch nitration of benzene with mixed acid Give an account on methods of reduction for the preparation of amines. Illustrate various products of reduction of nitrobenzene

12.           Explain kinetics and mechanism of aromatic nitration. What is the        effect of Nitrous acid on nitration

13.           Describe the manufacture of p – nitro acetanilide Define unit process. Why is it so called? How do unit processes differ from unit operation?

14.           Give a brief account of nitration of paraffinic hydrocarbon Give evidence to establish the formation of nitryl ions in a nitration process conducted using mixed acids

15.           Describe following unit processes –with suitable industrial important chemicals: Amination, Hydrogenation, Halogenations, Oxidation and Reduction.

16.          Explain following unit processes –with suitable industrial important chemicals: Sulphonation, Hydrolysis, Alkylation and Polymerization.

Assignment:3 

1.            What is polynuclear compound. Write preparation, properties and uses of Naphthalene, 

2.            write structural formula of anthracene and  give one preparation and three reactions.

3.            What is heterocyclic compound? give synthesis and reactions of pyrrole and Furan.

4.            Write about nomenclature of heterocyclic comppounds.

5.            Give one synthesis and two uses of each: Thiophene, Pyridine and Quinoline.

6.            Write about the chemical properties of Thiophene, Pyridine and Quinoline.

7.            Compare the physical properties of Thiophene, Pyridine and Quinoline, Furan, Naphthalene, Anthracene.

8.            Explain the term carbohydrates. And give classification.

9.            Give two chemical reactions of each: Glucose, Fructose and Starch.

10.          Give the conversion of any aldose to ketose and ketose to aldose.

11.          Give conversion of pentose to hexasose.

12.          Explain the manring of cane sugar from sugarcane with flow sheet.

Assignment:4

1.            Define the terms i) Aminoacid ii) alpha amino acid iii) Protien

2.            Prepare a note on  qualitative tests of proteins.

3.            Give any three synthesis of aminoacids.

4.            Give properties of aminoacids.

5.            What is amphoteric nature of amino acid?

6.            explain isoelectric point.

7.            Prepare a note on Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quartanery Structure of Protein.

8.            What are RNA and DNA. give types of RNA.

9.            Explain the importance of DNA and its structure.

10.          Write mechanism and four uses of these reactions: Canninzaro, Wolf Kishner and Clasien.

11.          What is call diazotisation? Explain with importance in different chemical manufacturing.

12.          Explain sandmayer reaction with mechanism.

13.          Compile some facts like General reaction, Mechanism, examples and applications on Curtius reaction.

14.          What is Baeyer Villiger oxidation reaction? Give mechanism and application.

15.          Give some applications of Hoffman degradation reaction with any one mechanism .

16.          Prepare a note with General reaction, Mechanism, examples and applications of the Michael and Dieckmann reactions.

17.          What is Drug and Medicine?

18.          What are Antiseptics? Give an example with synthesis.

19.           What are Antimalarials? give two examples and any one synthesis.

20.          Explain the term 'Antibacterials' and suggest an example with synthesis.

21.          Give classification of drug according to their therapeutic uses with examples.

Assignment: 5

1.            Give synthesis and uses of Sulphanilamide, Sulphaguanidine, Chloromycetin, and Chloroquine. 

2.            Write the difference between Colour,  Dyes and Pigments.

3.            Give classification of dyes based on Application and structural representation with an example of each.

4.            What are chromophore and auxochrome explain with examples.

5.            Prepare a note on theories of colour.

6.            Write a note on application of dyes and pigments.

7.            Give preparation of dyes: Congo  red,  Malachite  Green,  Crystal  Violet, Alizarin, Phenolphthalein, Fluorescein, Eosin and Indigo.

8.            Write a note on occurrence and composition of crude oil.

9.            Explain the distillation of the Crude oil.

10.          Explain the terms:  Cracking, Knocking, Octane  Number  &  Cetane  Number.

11.          What is Synthetic petrol write any one method of preparation of synthetic petrol.

List of practicals to be performed in the Labs.

NO	TOPIC
1	To determine the melting Point of the given compound.
2	Preparation of Acetanilide from Aniline.
3	To determine flow rate of different organic compound by paper chromatography.
4	To prepare Acetylsalicylic acid from salicylic acid.
5	To synthesize Sudan‐I dye from             aniline and β‐naphthol.
6	To identify unknown organic compound.………………………..
Practicals Based on Latest Outcomes in Technology Study
7	Determination of moiture containt in given sample by Infrared moiture balance.

Assignment Submission Dates:

Sr. No	Assignments no. / Unit	Expected Date
1	Assignment:1	05-07-2017
2	Assignment:2	24-07-2017
3	Assignment:3	19-08-2017
4	Assignment:4	04-09-2016
5	Assignment:5	-10-2016

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Mid Semester Result:

Mid-Sem Exam (SEPT-2017)  Result-OCUP (2130501)
Government Engineering College, Valsad
Department of Chemical Engineering
B.E.-3rd sem,  GTU, YEAR 2017 - 2018
Sr. No.	Enroll No.	Mid sem Marks/ 30		Sr. No.	Enroll No.	Mid Sem Marks/ 30	Sr. No.	Enroll No.	Mid Sem Marks/ 30	Sr. No.	Enroll No.	Mid Sem Marks/ 30	Sr. No.	Enroll No.	Mid Sem Marks/ 30
1	160190105001	27		31	160190105034	23	61	160190105067	27	91	160190105099	25	121	DD9	12
2	160190105002	7		32	160190105035	20	62	160190105068	19	92	160190105100	27	122	DD10	19
3	160190105003	18		33	160190105036	18	63	160190105069	22	93	160190105101	27	123	DD11	AB
4	160190105004	27		34	160190105037	21	64	160190105070	20	94	160190105102	20	124	DD12	12
5	160190105005	23		35	160190105038	19	65	160190105071	18	95	160190105103	27	125	DD13	3
6	160190105006	22		36	160190105039	18	66	160190105072	16	96	160190105104	26	126	DD14	AB
7	160190105007	26		37	160190105040	AB	67	160190105073	20	97	160190105105	21	127	DD15	4
8	160190105008	16		38	160190105041	15	68	160190105074	29	98	160190105106	12	128	DD16	13
9	160190105010	24		39	160190105043	26	69	160190105075	17	99	160190105108	27	129	DD17	10
10	160190105011	26		40	160190105045	15	70	160190105077	26	100	160190105109	16	130	DD18	4
11	160190105012	23		41	160190105046	19	71	160190105079	12	101	160190105110	19	131	DD19	15
12	160190105013	AB		42	160190105047	25	72	160190105080	19	102	160190105111	24	132	DD20	AB
13	160190105014	17		43	160190105048	29	73	160190105081	21	103	160190105112	25	133	DD21	AB
14	160190105015	29		44	160190105049	25	74	160190105082	18	104	160190105113	26	134	DD22	AB
15	160190105016	29		45	160190105050	24	75	160190105083	22	105	160190105114	25	135	DD23	AB
16	160190105017	19		46	160190105051	22	76	160190105084	13	106	160190105115	16	136	DD24	14
17	160190105018	17		47	160190105052	AB	77	160190105085	15	107	160190105116	12	137	DD25	12
18	160190105019	15		48	160190105053	18	78	160190105086	24	108	160190105117	11	138	DD26	22
19	160190105022	20		49	160190105054	14	79	160190105087	21	109	160190105118	20	139	DD27	16
20	160190105023	6		50	160190105055	16	80	160190105088	23	110	160190105119	21	140	DD28	6
21	160190105024	28		51	160190105056	4	81	160190105089	24	111	160190105120	23	141	DD29	15
22	160190105025	27		52	160190105057	5	82	160190105090	24	112	150190105057	AB	142	DD30	AB
23	160190105026	19		53	160190105058	0	83	160190105091	26	113	DD1	AB	143	DD31	9
24	160190105027	21		54	160190105060	22	84	160190105092	17	114	DD2	AB	144	DD32	6
25	160190105028	22		55	160190105061	12	85	160190105093	27	115	DD3	12	145	DD33	AB
26	160190105029	17		56	160190105062	0	86	160190105094	24	116	DD4	16	146	DD34	AB
27	160190105030	22		57	160190105063	15	87	160190105095	20	117	DD5	15	147	DD35	13
28	160190105031	25		58	160190105064	21	88	160190105096	27	118	DD6	AB	148	DD36	16
29	160190105032	18		59	160190105065	24	89	160190105097	21	119	DD7	7	149	DD37	19
30	160190105033	17		60	160190105066	25	90	160190105098	15	120	DD8	11	150

Submission Test for OCUP:2130501 October 2017